African Indentured Servants During Jamestown - 974 Words

The first twenty Africans to arrive in Jamestown, Virginia in 1619 were eventually traded by the Dutch for food and supplies. A point worth noting, the first twenty Africans were not identified as legal property(slave). The former Spanish owners had baptized and given each a Christian name. In fact, Africans worked as indentured servants for a specified time because English law disallowed the enslaving of Christians. Africans became landowners and were of equal standing with the poor English Pilgrims. However, by 1640, Virginia court documents started displaying verdicts for a life of servitude. These were verdicts given to runaway indentured servants. African indentured servants to be exact. Between 1661 and 1662, a child’s status in the colonial United States depended on whether the mother was free or a slave. Laws were passed that degraded blacks and forbid interracial marriage and sexual relations. Other laws prohibited blacks from bearing arms, traveling without written permission and finally, preventing blacks from owning property. In 1669, it was declared in Virginia that it would not be a crime to kill a disobedient slave while punishing him/her. Moreover in 1669, slave masters were banned from emancipating slaves. Slaves that were given their freedom could not stay in the colony. Furthermore, Virginia voted to banish Europeans who marry a black, mulatto, or Indian person. It can be concluded that these laws fashioned the chattel slavery in the United StatesShow MoreRelatedBacons Rebellion Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand accordingly its consequences include the American Revolution. It was the war between the English and the Indians, and the civil war between the colonists of Jamestown and their government. But it was also the fierce struggle between two powerful leaders with ve ry different beliefs. The African slaves and white indentured servants joined together to fight side by side against their common enemies. Sir William Berkeley arrived in Virginia in 1642 to act as the Colonial Governor of VirginiaRead MoreThe London Fire Of 16661205 Words   |  5 Pagescolonial indentured servants heavily declined. This shortage prompted African slave labor to be preferred economically by landowners as slaves were a guaranteed workforce, politically as laws offering total ownership made slaves more desirable, and socially as many influential landowners considered the African race subservient. The London Fire of 1666 laid waste to much of England and created a significant number of rebuilding jobs (Hening). This contributed to the shortage of indentured servants aroundRead MoreSalvery in the United States1497 Words   |  6 Pagessupply of indentured servants was largely declining, and where no longer sufficient enough to maintain the plantation that was indispensable for not only economic stability, but for survival. However, a seemingly solution to their problems was finding its way across the Atlantic and headed towards the struggling colony of Virginia. In 1619, a Dutch ship that contained about 20 enslaved Africans came across the colonists of Jamestown, Virginia. The inhumane living conditions that the Africans were butRead MoreThe Labor Of War And Early British America1021 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 2015 The Labor of War In early British America they had a unique form of labor where they would use indentured servants and natives as workers instead of slaves. However in 1619 the first 20 Africans were brought to Jamestown by the Dutch to be used as slaves. Black labor remained small until the1670s when it started to grow in the southern region of Carolina. In 1612 John Rolfe a Jamestown planter began to experiment with tobacco that the local Indians had been growing for years (Brinkley 37)Read MoreThe Slavery Of The Chesapeake Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesslaves came to America in the early 17th century. When they received the slaves they found out some of them were baptized, and were under the Christian religion. So they could not be treat as slaves under the religion so they were turned into â€Å"indentured servants†. There weren’t many laws on slavery, but there was no way out . At first slaves had limited right, and were aloud to own land, after their period of slavery was over. They were allowed to marry and have children. The slaves kids that were bornRead MoreEssay about Clash of Cultures838 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants that were indentured servants, individuals (immigrants) who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during t he 17th to 19th centuries. Generally, indentured servants included redemptioners, victims of religious or political persecution, persons kidnapped for the purpose, convicts, and paupers. Indentured servants first arrived in America in the decade following the settlement of Jamestown by the Virginia CompanyRead MoreIndentured Servants And African Slaves881 Words   |  4 Pagescertain topics, such as, indentured servants and the institution of slavery was minimal. The reason for this is most of my prior knowledge of these important topics were forgotten. The question I always asked myself what was the difference between indentured servants and African slaves? Through my personal studying on the subject matter, I have discovered new information that clarified all my misconceptions about historical topics like, indentured servants from Europe, African slavery, and findingRead MoreSlavery in American Society: Impact and Evolution Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdate back to 1760 BC; Within such societies, slavery worked in a system of social stratification (Slavery in the United States, 2011), meaning inequality among different groups of people in a population (Sajjadi, 2008). After the establishment of Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English Chesapeake colony in the New World that was agriculturally-based; Tobacco became the colonies chief crop, requiring time consuming and intensive labor (Slavery in colonial America, 2011). Due to the headlightRead MoreAmerican Slavery During The 17th Century1499 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Slavery in the 17th Century The struggles of African Americans in a fight for freedom and civil rights in the U.S. during the seventeenth century was tarnished with blood and destruction of African cultures and families. A struggle that is condescending to the reasons as to why the thirteen American colonies were established. The Founding Fathers of America built a nation with a mission that â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed byRead MoreThe Beginning Of Enslavement Of Slavery Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesof hope. Indentured Servants were people who sold their labor voluntarily in exchange for free passage to the â€Å"New World,† and given housing upon their arrival. They were willing to enter an agreement to work for a specified amount of time, nor were considered the property of the contract holder. Alike in certain aspects, however, divergent in many areas of Indentured Servants, in the early 1600’s Slavery began in America w hen the first African Slaves brought to the colony of Jamestown, Virginia

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1253 Words

[OPENING STATEMENT] The Great Gatsby does not clearly yield to either poem or prose causing it to be considered as a lyrical novel rather than the more common narrative. Poetic devices and techniques used by author F. Scott Fitzgerald are more commonly seen with poetry. Yet it is these techniques that give meaning to his work of fiction; how Fitzgerald states his ideas becomes more important than the ideas themselves. Poetic devices he uses are called litotes, which express a positive statement by using its opposite negatives. To say â€Å"the ice cream was not bad† would be an intentional understatement, when instead one could say the ice cream was â€Å"good.† Litotes are used for irony, which is â€Å"using words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning.†1 Also commonly found throughout the novel, litotes are used for emphatic effect to benefit setting, plot, and character development. In the start of chapter one of The Great Gatsby, the scene is set and described by narrator Nick. â€Å"I lived at West Egg, the — well, the less fashionable of the two, though this is a most superficial tag to express the bizarre and not a little sinister contrast between them† (5). Forming one of Fitzgerald’s litotes, the words â€Å"not a little sinister† deny the opposite of being genuinely sinister. He could have instead said that the Eggs were â€Å"very† sinister, but in replacement wrote the opposite negative by saying it was not a small amount. By doing this, Nick understatesShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span . This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1253 Words F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in the midst of the roaring twenties, which was an age full of wealth, parties, and romance. Young people living in the 1920s were centered around wanting to find love so Fitzgerald, along with many other authors during this time period, focused his writing in The Great Gatsby on relationships and affection. Jay Gatsby, one of the main characters in the novel, is a very mysterious man but there is one thing that readers know about him for sure: he is utterly in love with Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby shows his love for Daisy in many different ways, including him waiting for her, becoming rich for her, buying a mansion across a bay from her house, throwing parties in hopes she will come, and taking the blame for the Myrtle accident. Gatsby truly is a hopeless romantic who will do anything to impress the woman he is so in love with. Because Gatsby is such a puzzling and mind-boggling character, many readers are perplexed by his actions regarding Dais y. Some think that all of the things he does throughout the novel are â€Å"stalker-ish,† while others think everything he does is charming. It could be considered creepy if Daisy’s reaction was different than what it was; Daisy loves the attention she receives from Gatsby. Based on her response to Gatsby in the novel, it is evident that she is still in love with him too. Daisy loving him back is proof that Gatsby is a romantic man, NOT a creepy stalker. One way that Gatsby demonstrates his love forShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. This author helped to launch the theme that is so prevalent in his work; the human instinct to yearn for more, into the forefront of American literature, where itRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1343 Words   |  6 PagesHonors English 10 Shugart 18 Decemeber 2014 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby is a tragic love story, a mystery, and a social commentary on American life. The Great Gatsby is about the lives of four wealthy characters observed by the narrator, Nick Carroway. Throughout the novel a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby throws immaculate parties every Saturday night in hope to impress his lost lover, Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby lives in a mansion on West Egg across from DaisyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Positive Accounting Theory Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Positive Accounting Theory Analysis. Answer: Introduction The paper majors on the analysis and critique of the theoretical approach currently stressed in the accounting literature as seen in the article. The theoretical concept presented for analysis is the positive accounting theory (PAT). PAT is based on the theoretical understanding of Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman studies published in the 1978 and 1979. This paper, therefore, critiques the possible research methods complications and critiques the philosophy of science issues as applied in the article (Watts and Zimmerman 2010). There are some claims concerning methodology used in the article which has no single influence on accounting research. This paper provides a critical analysis and evaluation of these purported failures through examination of two distinct types of critiques; economically based reviews and various studies involving issues of the philosophy of science. The paper summarizes the content of the article and various aspects of positive accounting theory. It will also critically analyze the whole article including the theoretical framework used in analyzing the theory, limitations of the article and its significance. Moreover, it will analyze how the author of the article explores the literature and methodology to explain the theory of positive accounting (Deegan 2013). The critiques discussed in the content of this paper are inclusive of those presented by Watts and Zimmerman. It also deals with other responses as well as other numerous reviews that were not inclusively examined by either Watts or Zimmerman. It further captures those responses that were not published until after the study by Watts and Zimmerman (1990). Positive accounting theory according to various sources, is revealed as an applied economic positivism (Warfield, Wild and Wild 2005). Looking back into the historical and economic initial sources of positive accounting research, it is clear that the article shows the positivity of the aspect of the Watts and Zimmerman approach rhetorically than the methodology used in the current study. The author has argued that positive accounting theory does represent a problem shift towards a domain of research that is suitable for various economic and accounting schools. The article also aimed at reviewing published critiques of positive accounting theory based on the philosophy of science which has been revealed not to be much effective literature. To achieve economic-based critiques that emphasize on the limitations, a promising path for methodological critiques of positive accounting theory must be developed according to Watts and Zimmerman (2008) study. General findings The author of the article suggests that the research should not be direct, but must employ various social aspects rather than theoretical aspects which require justifications. The main idea discussed in the article is the examination of two concepts that is ontology and the epistemology, and how these concepts are resultants of a positive research. The author argues that in the current world, there are no better accounting practices to help with the development of positive accounting research programs (Scott 2007). It is also evident that the article aimed at suggesting various practices that are suitable for a proper accounting research. For example, a well-developed theoretical model, the creation of better measurement procedures and methods with the appropriate channeling of fundamental research requirements and frameworks. The study revealed several issues as outcomes of the conducted survey as seen in the research findings. Among the findings was the discovery of the vast gap between the application of the positive accounting research in real life and various factors which should be made available for perfect formation of an active intellectual program. The study also came to a finding that is suitable to curb the situation of the existing gap (Healy 2013). The study found out that the appropriate solution is to modify the system. The article also perceive the research as a cultural activity and not scientific in nature which can only be validated by a group of individuals involved in the research program. The article discovers that there are valid hypotheses available for researchers to build their studies. The article speculates that there is an independent work in the cultural world which research should exploit. The accountant researchers should use intellectual observation while conducting research. It is also evident from the research that, application of the human behavior can result in rational practices in the field of accounting including positive accounting research. Contributions The article suggests various ways which can be put into practice to ensure that positive accounting research is achieved to boost the accounting practices. The argument by the author helps various individuals, more particularly writers to develop a more critical positive attitude towards different approaches. Such approaches will be useful in sustaining positive accounting research in the field of accounting. The author has identified such aspects as measurements and quantitative models as well as the use of a mathematical model as essentials in ensuring that positive research achieves its full potential. The article also mounts pressure on various relevant parties involved in accounting and investigation field to adapt accounting models which are suitable and can be justified with concrete evidence. Research Question/ hypotheses What is required for the development of a successful positive accounting research program? The above question is the primary focus of the article even though it is not well derived from the literature review. It is important since all the issues discussed by the author in the article revolve around it as the primary concern. The research question summarizes all the objectives that the article is intended to achieve. The research hypothesis as seen in the article is the pathway through which the author follows to achieve the various aims of the article. Even though the question is not that clear from the literature review, the objectives flow from the beginning to the end of the article thereby enabling the author to achieve the intention of developing the requirements for a positive accounting research models and program. Through the research hypothesis, various models have been suggested to achieve the purpose of the article. The research question is not well tested since the author does not believe in thesis tests as currently constituted (Christenson 2013). The above question has helped in the development of accounting research models and the creation of models that are vulnerable to testing and finally creation of a more mathematical and quantitative method as part of the standards. The hypothesis is important and justifies most of the issues addressed in the literature review. Theoretical Framework The theoretical frame of the article covers various theories as seen in the article. The study explores systematic study as the methodology. There are also some interrelated concepts developed and captured within the content of the article. The theoretical framework used in the study follows a sequence where the author started by reviewing various theories used by other authors such as Watts and Zimmerman in the year 1978, 1986 and finally in the year 1990 whose main discussion focused on positive accounting theory. The article proceeded further with the discussion on various scientific factors such as the ontology and the epistemological theories to support cultural perspective in research. To come up with the justification of investigation as a cultural aspect, the author performed various surveys. The author also conducted research on various philosophies to justify the concept of science and culture in accounting research. The article also employs the use of different aspects such falsification and hypothesis analysis where elements such as proper criterion have been applied together with both quantitative and qualitative aspects being involved. The theoretical perspective of the article is revolving around the justification of research as being philosophically scientific as well as a cultural (Watts and Zimmerman 2008). The Significance and Limitations of the Article Significance of the Article The article is significant in various ways which motivate other authors towards the development of a positive accounting research. The article focuses on the elaboration of the more mathematical and quantitative analysis which can be justified through the application of measurement. This aspect of the discussion encourages other authors towards the development of proper research concerning accounting (Collin et.al 2009). The article is relevant because of the suggested vulnerable models. The author of the article has positively exploited the findings through measurement rather than the test. The author has positively utilized various previous studies to achieve the intended purpose of the research. Through the application of these previous studies, the upcoming authors will have the basis for analyzing other authors work and how they can be incorporated into a current research to meet the objectives of a given research work. Limitations of the article Though the article proves to be significant to some extent, there are several models of research which should be considered as revealed in the report. The authors ideas are regarded as having limitations regarding the content flow in comparison to the new articles. The author of the article applies critiques of the application hypothesis testing and methodology (Basu 2007). The author states that test to some extents as being used in the theory of positive accounting, is only probable incompatible to null hypothesis (Baiman 2010). Another limitation of positive accounting theory is seen through the application of hypothesis test. This kind of testing has been used in positive accounting theory for several times. It is, however, considered to be weak, therefore, a call to action for a better way or alternative development to curb this kind of drawback in the accounting research. The theory is viewed to be providing weak evidence through hypothetical testing which most of the time cannot be justified. The author also supports claims made by various scholars involved in the accounting sector. The author explains that the possible research testing provides information which is not accurate and falls short of how a study should be undertaken. This limitation, therefore, restrict the positivity of the article (Sweeney 2004). The author of the article is not able to justify various claims against the use of positive accounting as a result of the different limitations created by the hypothesis test. This reflects in the findings where most of the results obtained through the application of actual accounting research are considered invalid. Therefore, most of the conclusions from the article cannot be viewed to be authentic. Since the findings cannot be justified, the contributions of the article can also be assumed to be invalid and should be deeply considered before putting them into practice. Conclusions The above critique has reviewed various aspects discussed in the article. It analyzed the aims and goals of the article about different requirement speculated to be useful in the development of a positive accounting research. The paper has discussed the limitation of the article about the positive accounting theory. The paper has dealt with the achievement of the research hypothesis and how it has led to the attainment of the primary objective of the article. The aim of this paper was, therefore, to help various authors and parties involved in research to develop appropriate skills required to achieve sufficient positive accounting research. Another purpose of this article is to justify how the author of the article created the theoretical models and data collection methods required to be used by various accounting laws and strategies. Accountants, authors, and specialists are needed to develop theoretical models appropriate for data collections. The implication of this critique is to help various editors and referees with the development of necessary skills required to achieve a positive accounting research potential. This paper is also to assist with the identification of various alternatives to replace the hypothetical test with appropriate measurement model. Another implication of the paper is the mounted pressure on many accountants and authors to adopt create and adopt new theoretical models and complete data collection methods to exploit best methods of collecting data. This discussion, therefore, suggests the application of quantitative and measurement as the best models for a real research method. References Baiman, S., 2010. Agency research in managerial accounting: A second look. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 15(4), pp.341-371. Basu, S., 2007. The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings 1. Journal of accounting and economics, 24(1), pp.3-37. Christenson, C., 2013. The methodology of positive accounting. Accounting Review, pp.1-22. Collin, S.O.Y., Tagesson, T., Andersson, A., Cato, J. and Hansson, K., 2009. Explaining the choice of accounting standards in municipal corporations: Positive accounting theory and institutional theory as competitive or concurrent theories. Critical perspectives on Accounting, 20(2), pp.141-174. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Healy, P.M., 2013. The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions. Journal of accounting and economics, 7(1), pp.85-107. Scott, W.R., 2007. Financial accounting theory (Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Sweeney, A.P., 2004. Debt-covenant violations and managers' accounting responses. Journal of accounting and Economics, 17(3), pp.281-308. Warfield, T.D., Wild, J.J. and Wild, K.L., 2005. Managerial ownership, accounting choices, and informativeness of earnings. Journal of accounting and economics, 20(1), pp.61-91. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2008. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. Accounting review, pp.112-134. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2008. Towards a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards. Accounting review, pp.112-134. Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L., 2010. Positive accounting theory: a ten year perspective. Accounting review, pp.131-156.

Tell-Tale Heart Essays (688 words) - , Term Papers

Tell-Tale Heart Tell-Tale Heart ?TRUE!--nervous ? very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad Edgar Allen Poe shows us the dark part of human kind. Conflict with in ones self, state of madness, and emotional break down all occur within this short story. The narrator of the story is a mad man that is haunted by his idea that the old man has an evil eye. There are two conflicts that occur with the story: internal and external. The internal conflict is the narrator's guilt over killing the old man forces him to believe that he hears the dead man's heart beating. ?I talked more quickly?more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased.?. Ones owns conscience can only take so much before the person breaks down. ?Oh God! What could I do? I foamed?I raved?I swore! I swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the boards, but the noise arose over all and continually increased.? The external conflict is the eye itself; the narrator feels that the old man's eye is always watching him in turn makes him think he can read his mind. ?It was open?wide, wide open?and I grew furious as I gazed upon it. I saw it with perfect distinctness?all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that chilled the very marrow in my bones.? A madman can only take so much when he fixated on an eye. State of madness is very implicit in this case. The fact that the narrator was way too overly patient and dedicated to stalking the old man night after night, at midnight, seven days before he decides to commit his evil deed. Was obviously the act of a keen madman. ?Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust in! I moved it slowly?very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed.? The narrator keeps implying that he is very, very dreadfully nervous. ?I knew that sound well, too. It was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.? This also gives us the reader the hint of him being mad. When ones actions that are thought out with knowing the harsh consequences are a key sign to madness. Basically what I think Edgar Allen Poe is trying to imply to us is that everyone holds a little madness within and subconsciously. We must fight the urge and accept it fully, to be excepted and considered normal. Because everyone's got to do it. The emotional feeling of the narrator are those of the depressed. He is neither shy or outgoing. He thinks he is skillful and not mad. ?If you still think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body.? He states this because he is trying to persuade the reader into thinking he's smart therefore making the reader come up with the idea how could you be mad if your smart. He does not seem to be caring, yet he does state he loved the old man. ?Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man.? He is dishonest though for he wasn't going to tell the police about the dead body until his subconscious thoughts made him believe that they too heard the horrifying heart beat of the old man. Which caused his emotional break down. Ones own subconscious mind could create emotions that can persuade one to do deeds in which he/she never thought of. Either it be good or bad like the narrators feelings towards the old man's eye. Emotions are those not to be put aside or forgotten about. But should be dealt with and conditioned to a norm. Mind over matter. Poetry Essays