The Search for Exoplanets

The Search for Exoplanets Daniel Davies Throughout the history of humanity, numerous scientists have been intrigued by the search for inhabitable exoplanets. To date, such ventures are still in the developmental stages and the discovery of life beyond earth and the solar system , regardless of how primitive it may be, may soon be regarded as a fundamental breakthrough in astronomy (Jones Mukai, 2007). The fundamental properties to be considered if a place is habitable are: presence of organic materials, water and energy sources. Habitability of the planet also takes into consideration, nearness of the planet to the sun, the duration of existence of life and not necessarily, that life is present or has ever been. The search for life in exoplanets has been ongoing for over a decade (Su, et al. 2011). The search has been difficult and lengthy and there have been no results showing the existence of life outside earth. The S.E.T.I or Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence project is probably the most famous experiment withi n this focus of study. Why the search for inhabitable exoplanets?: With the powerful view of telescopes, scientists have been able to view beyond our solar system. Planetary scientists have continuously been searching for exoplanets (planets beyond our sun) that can support life. However, they cannot view these planets in detail as they are so faraway (Su, et al. 2011). The closest known exoplanet orbiting star is called Epsilon Eridani, which is 63 trillion miles away – it is close to 14,000 times away from Neptune, the farthest planets in our solar system (Horner Jones, 2010). Due to the great distance, exoplanets cannot be viewed directly since the amount of light they reflect is too faint to be detected from a far off distance (Horner Jones, 2010). Alternatively, scientists infer the presence of an exoplanet from the changes in wavelength of light illuminating from the star, this may be caused by the gravitational pull from an orbiting planet or the regulation of brightness of the star due to transiting planets. When the Fermi Paradox was proposed initially, most people thought planets were rare. Nevertheless, since then the astrological tools have discovered the existence of numerous exoplanets. However, with each new discovery of an earth-like planet for instance, Epsilon Eridani, it becomes less likely that there could exist a planet apart from the Earth that can support life. Using methods such as those stated above, scientists have been able to discover hundreds of exoplanets and the first detection was in 1995. Once they detect one, they begin evaluating it to ascertain whether it can support life. Further, they analyze the light spectrum that radiates from the star in order to reveal the properties of the planet. The hunt is still on for planets, which are about the size of earth and those that are at the right distance from the sun. This is done in a region known as the habitable zone, or sometimes referred to as the Goldilocks Zone. The habitable zone is the belt bordering a star where temperatures are optimum for liquid water. The Earth lies within the habitable zone of the sun, which is the star. Beyond the habitable zone, life is impossible as it could be too cold and frozen to support life. Therefore, a planet that lies between a star and a habitable zone would be too hot and steamy to support life. Ideally, most astronomers like to know more about the atmosphere of viable habitable exoplanets. In light of this, they study the molecular makeup of the planet in search for traces of greenhouse gases that have escaped that could be an indicator of an inhabitable planet or they can be able to pick up traces of oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, methane that indicate a planet is habitable (Horner Jones, 2010). The notion that planets beyond the Earth can support life is an ancient discovery. Since the late 20th century, there have been two breakthroughs in this field. Through observation and exploration by robotic spacecrafts of other planets and orbits within the solar system has provided scientists with vital information regarding habitability criterion and provided geophysical conditions for comparing life on Earth and on other bodies. Exoplanets were discovered in the 1990s and has been fast paced thereafter hence providing information for the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The findings have further confirmed that the sun is not peculiar among the stars and planets and hence this has expounded the possibility of life beyond the solar system. The earth is the only known planet in the universe that harbors life, despite recent evidence to suggest organic materials were found on Mars, this is only an indicator of what might have been. Nevertheless, there are estimates of habitable areas around other orbits. Additionally hundreds of exoplanets have been discovered, which has created new insights into other habitable places in the universe. In November 2013, the Kepler Space Mission data released stated that there were about a billion earth-sized planets that were orbiting within habitable zones within the Milky Way Galaxy. Methods used in the search for inhabitable exoplanets: Exoplanets do not emit any light of their own and are obscured by other brighter stars, this makes them difficult to detect. Moreover, normal telescopes cannot be used to view them. This is called Direct Imaging and is not the best way to identify exoplanets , however the technology and ideas behind it are seeing an advancement and could produce promising experiments in the future. Therefore in order to identify exoplanets, a number of techniques are used to detect them and the impacts that they have on the stellar system. Below is a summary of common methods used to detect inhabitable exoplanets (Horner Jones, 2010). Pulsar timing: Pulsars refer to neutron stars that have misaligned magnetic and spin axes. As the pulsars rotate, they emit flashes of radio waves that travel to earth at regular intervals. The radio flashes can be detected and timed. The intervals between the pulses are very regular and are more accurate than the ticks of an atomic clock. A planet that orbits around a pulsar will cause slight variations to the timing of the flashes, which can be used to detect it. The first exoplanet that was orbiting around a pulsar PSR B1257+12 was detected through pulsar timing in 1992. Radial-velocity: A planet that orbits a stars exerts a little gravitational pull that makes the star wobble a little about the barycentre which is the system’s centre of mass. If the planet’s edge is aligned to the Earth, this wobble can be observed as a ‘Doppler’ shift in the light emitted by the earth. When a star is travelling away from the viewer, the wavelengths of the emitted light shift with respect to the velocity the star is moving at , hence the wavelengths shift to the red end of the spectrum and towards us the blue end of the spectrum. The planet’s gravitational pull is minute and hence, very accurate spectroscopic measurements are needed. On measuring the radial velocity it is therefore possible to determine the exoplanet’s orbital period, however the size of the planets cannot be determined. Astrometry: This technique utilizes extremely definite measurements of the position of stars in order to detest the tiny shifts that are caused by orbiting planets. This method is highly effective for planets that orbit face-on where the motion positioning is at its greatest, nevertheless, the measurements are difficult to obtain. Gravitational lensing: Einstein’s theory of relativity deduces that massive foreground objects bend the light from background objects by their pull of gravity. The bending of light causes a ‘lensing’ effect that magnifies the background objects that are distant, allowing the curving of light so that distant planetary transits can be observed. Photometry: Many scientists utilize this transit technique. It shows that when a planet passes in the anterior of its parent’s star edge, there is a decrease in the brightness of the star that can be detected. The periodic decreases in brightness may indicate the presence of an exoplanet, the measurements of light curves and spectral type of the star may give an indication of the size and orbital duration of the planet. When this method is combines with Radial velocity a number of parameters can be inferred accurately including the mass of the planet, which can determine the composition of the planet. The presence of methane and oxygen in an exoplanets atmosphere could be a strong indicator of a bio signature or evidence of past or present life in an exoplanet (Jones Mukai, 2007). Methods today are used to gain a good estimate to the temperature and size of an exoplanet so as to ascertain whether liquid water can exist on the surface of the exoplanet, this is one of three criterion to as certain whether a planet can support life. Figure(1): Shows a plot of results from a dwarf star in another solar system , I have highlighted the transits with the blue segments , taken from my planethunters.org, account Figure 1 clearly shows the dips in output from the light source, which is the dwarf being observed. The dips are huge indicators to an exoplanet transiting the star. Photometry is by far the most common form of finding new exoplanets. Impacts of the results: The results show that powerfully life on Earth highly affects the environment, and the feedback cycle loops. The impact of earthly life on cloud cover is an example. Clouds are composed of either water or carbon dioxide and therefore have a huge impact on the habitability of the planet through the greenhouse effect and that albedo. (Albedo is the surface reflectivity. High albedo surfaces reflect back most of the light and heat that falls on them, while low albedo surfaces absorb energy (Chambers, 2006). High albedo clouds maintain the coolness of a planet by reflecting instead of absorbing stellar energy. From research on earth, plant life contributes to more cloud cover. Likewise, airborne microorganisms in an exoplanet’s atmosphere can be seeds that lead to more cloud formation. The effect can lead either to cooling of the albedo or to warming because of the greenhouse effect (Fujiwara, et al., 2010). In both cases, clouds or a lack therein may change the habitability, hence altering the planet’s temperature in one way or another. Life may also alter the carbon cycle. Plants on earth affect the quantity of carbon dioxide in the air, calcareous plankton have had major changes in the Earth’s carbon cycle (Fujiwara, et al., 2010). The systems have effects on the heat trapping properties of the atmosphere and alter the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Once exoplanets become hydrated, their impact will shift from affecting the delivery of volatiles to arid lands and hence will affect developments in life. Due to developments in our world, such as industrial revolution and technological advancements(Alvares et al, 2008), a number of species of biodiversity have become extinct and a great number of micro-organisms contributing to geochemical cycles have been extinguished (Chapman Morrison, 2004). Although these are believed to have been cause by a myriad of other factors, a few of these have been caused as a result of the collision between the earth and other small heavenly bodies. At face value, most people assume that more favorable life conditions would be developed if a host planet were discovered, however, mass extinctions will have to occur in order to trigger an influx into these alien bodies. Ever since it was discovered that collisions with asteroids and comets could lead to significant threats to human life on Earth, the idea that the impact rate on those bodies on earth would be much greater were it not for the protective influence of planet Jupiter (Chapman Morrison, 2004). Were it not for the mass and placement of Jupiter within the solar system , the earth could have been more punishing throughout its evolution, which would have entirely prevented the evolution of life on earth. The earth is a habitable planet that is an incredibly rare and unique place and that life should be very scarce or even non-existent anywhere else in the universe. It is now well acknowledged that asteroids and comets have bombarded the earth for decades. When it was first discovered that the impacts of craters on earth were the effects that resulted from the collisions between the earth and other solar systems, the greatest majority of the objects crossing the earth were comets (Chapman Morrison, 2004). A significant fraction of the earthly bodies were ejected from the solar system due to the distant perturbations by the Jupiter leaving a significantly, greater number of transiting orbits that could threaten the earth’s ecosystems. Conclusions: At face value, most people assume that more favorable life conditions would be developed if a host planet were discovered, however, mass extinctions will have to occur in order to trigger an influx into these alien bodies. The quest for an inhabitable exoplanet is a threat to humanity as it could trigger harmful effects on earth such as the collision of comets and the earth, which could lead to drastic effects such as volcanic and crater eruptions, which will have drastic effects on humanity. This means that the search for an exoplanet is indeed a search for our own preservation, eventually the earth will be swallowed by the sun , the human race will need somewhere else to live. The big question on peoples minds is , will we ever get there ? The answer to this is in the near future , certainly not, but in the far future , perhaps. With the promise of new technology coming , the ability to predict rapid changes in our space transportation may be obsolete, in truth we dont know. Bibliography: Alvarez. L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. and Michel, H. V., (2008). Extraterrestrial Cause for the  Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction. Chambers, J. E., (2006). A hybrid symplectic integrator that permits close encounters between Massive bodies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 304, 793 Chapman, C. R. and Morrison, D., (2004). Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets:  assessing the hazard. Fujiwara, H., et al., (2010). Enstatite-rich Warm Debris Dust Around HD165014. The  Astrophysical Journal Letters. Horner, J., Jones, B. W., (2010). Determining habitability: which exoEarths should we search  for life? International Journal of Astrobiology. Jones, B. W. and Mukai, T., (2007). Origin and dynamical evolution of Neptune Trojans I. Formation and planetary migration. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 398, 1715 Kaib, N. A. and Quinn, T., (2009). Reassessing the Source of Long-Period Comets.  Ã‚  Science, 325, 1234 Malhotra, R., (2005). The Origin of Pluto’s Orbit: Implications for the Solar System Beyond  Neptune. Astronomical Journal. Minton, D. A. and Malhotra, R., (2009). A record of planet migration in the main asteroid belt.  Nature. Morris, S. C., (2008). The evolution of diversity in ancient ecosystems: a review.  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. O’Toole, S. J., (2007). Selection functions in doppler planet searches. Monthly  Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 392, 641 Petit, J.-M. and Jones, B. W., (2009). Differences between the impact regimes of the terrestrial planets: Implications for primordial D:H ratios. Planetary and Space Science. 57, 1338 – 1345 Su, K. Y. L., et al. (2011). The Debris Disk Around HR8799. The Astrophysical Journal,  705, 314  

Hypoglycaemia in a Term Infant Form Diabetic Mother

Hypoglycaemia in a Term Infant Form Diabetic Mother Hypoglycaemia in a term infant form diabetic mother ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Critically analyse the care provided to an infant from a diabetic mother and family The following assignment will discuss the care of an infant within a special care baby unit, the care provided will be critically analysed and local, national guidelines and recent research associated with the care of the infant will be discussed. In order to ensure confidentiality and in accordance with Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) the infant being discussed will be referred as Infant B. for the purposes of this assignment the nursing framework Casey, A. (1988), will be used. Casey model includes child, family, health, environment and nurse however to personalize the care provided the main focus within this assignment will be concerning blood glucose control though, temperature control, minimized pain, maintaining a safe environment, establishing feeds, communication and family centred care will be discussed as well in relation to blood glucose control. The rationale supporting the use of Casey model is said to focus on family centred care that is redefining the relationships in health care, increasing and becoming one of the main goals on the neonatal units across the world (Staniszewska et al., 2012). Casey, A. (1988) acknowledges the vital role of the parents and family and ensures the everyday care of the child through a partnership and negotiation between parents and family and the nurse (Casey and Mobbs, 1988; Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Pediatricians Role, 2012). This assignment is focused on the care of infant B, born at term at 41 weeks and two days gestational age within an antenatal diagnosis of maternal diabetes mellitus type I with a birth weight of 3140 grams, over two consecutive night shifts. Admitted to special care with one day of life with diagnosis of hypoglycemia one of the most frequent causes of admission in this sector (NHS Improvement, 2016). The assessment of infant B. was performed at the moment of admission on the first day after transferred from post-natal unit as per Trust policy. An adequate assessment is a crucial component of nursing practice, mandatory for planning and provision of patient and family centred care (Staniszewska et al., 2012) fundamental for their professional accountability and responsibility RCN (2014.) IDM according with UNICEF (2013) are at risk and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately. The definition of hypoglycemia in the newborn infant has remained controversial because of a lack of significant correlation among plasma glucose concentration, clinical signs, and long-term sequelae (WRIGHT and MARINELLI, 2014; Hay, et al 2009; UNICEF, 2013) Bulbul and Uslu (2016) concluded that there has been no substantial evidence-based progress in defining what constitutes clinically important neonatal hypoglycemia, particularly regarding how it relates to brain injury. However they consider clear the definition of transient and persistent hypoglycemia and their differences (Cornblath et al.,2000). Many authors have suggested a numeric definitions of hypoglycemia that are variable in postnatal age (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000; Harris at al, 2012; Hawdon 2013; Arya at al, 2013; Stomnaroska-Damcevski, 2015; Adamkin, 2016). The value 2.6mmol/l was adopted by many clinicians and by the Trust as well, however there is no scientific justification for this value (Wright and Marinelli, 2014). On admission infant B. presented with a low blood glucose level (BGL) of 1.3mmol/L, In order to increase blood glucose level, a peripheral venous line (PVL) was inserted in right foot as per Trust policy (2012) (NICE,2015), 10% Dextrose bolus administered, started intra venous fluids of 10% Dextrose and a nasogastric tube inserted. Blood glucose level checked 30mins after (NICE, 2015), level increased to 3.1 mmol/l. IV fluids started (60ml/kg/day) (NICE, 2015; BNF, 2015) and BGL checked 1-2 hours after. Frequency was based on infant B condition (Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al, 2015). Dextrose 10% is given to restore blood glucose levels and provide calories minimizing liver glycogen depletion (BNF, 2014). Administration of a 10%Dextrose is protocoled but this value, once more, it is not consensual in literature (BNF, 2010; Arya at al 2013; Adamkin, 2016). A bolus was given first, with higher concentration that infusion, to increase quicker the values and followed by the infusion to stabilize the levels (Adamkin, 2011). The goal is to achieve a blood glucose level of 2.6 to 9mmol/L (Rennie and Kendall, 2013). Frequent Dextrose bolus are not recommended (WHO, 1997) per risk of hyperosmolar cerebral oedema. A study developed by Heagarty (2016) showed significant benefits of oral dextrose gel as an option for treatment of symptomatic hypoglycemia. Shows that is most effective, well tolerated and reduce 50% the incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in high risk infants, but just for newborn babies in postnatal unit, not indicated for NICU admissions due to severity conditions (BNF, 2015). Hawdon et al (1994) describe a persistent effect and side-effects, and high doses can stimulate insulin release, that can be a reason why oral glucose gel it is not used in NICU. Other option is glucose water however studies (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) indicate that has insufficient energy and lack of protein. At delivery, glucose supply from mother to the infant stops, and consequently glucose concentrations decrease rapidly, until a exogenous source of glucose is available, the infant depends on his hepatic glucose production to face metabolic needs and maintain the homeostasis during the first few days (Boissieu et al. 1995; de Rooy and Hawdon, 2002). The pediatric endocrine society considers the first 48h of a health newborn infant a normal period of transitional hypoglycemia (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000; Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). Low ketones levels, inappropriate preservation of glycogen, and low glucose levels, are characteristics of this period and may activate mechanisms for brain protection (Adamkin, 2016; Standley, et al, 2016). Acute neurophysiological changes occur when human neonates are low in BGL and the long-term significance of these acute changes is not clear (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000). The presence of risks factors, as an infant from a diabetic mother (Rennie and Roberton, 2013) predisposing an infant to hypoglycemia, and increase the risk of persistent hypoglycemia (Thornton et al., 2015). Highlighting the risk factors may determine an appropriate management and a proper planning since the delivery (Lang, 2014) and according with UNICEF (2013) IDM are at risk and need to be correctly identified and managed appropriately. Based on this we can consider infant B a high risk baby to develop hypoglycemia with risk for persistent hypoglycemia. As an IDM, infant B. developed in postnatal period a hypoglycemia episode, this can be considering a transitional hypoglycemia that is caused by hyperinsulinemia (Stanley at, 2015). A study developed by Isles, Dickson and Farquhar (1968) suggests IDM removes glucose quicker than babies from a non-diabetic mother, and that comes from the ability to produce more insulin based on memory of levels experienced in utero. Hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of increased utilization of glucose, and can be temporary, for example when the fetus has been in contact with a hyperglycemic environment by poorly controlled maternal diabetes, (Rennie and Roberton, 2013). In this stage is important to screen for transient and persistent hypoglycemia, the last one with high risk to develop permanent hypoglycemia and consequently induced brain injury (Adamkin, 2011). Neonatal hypoglycemia is commonly asymptomatic but non-specific and extremely variable signs can be presented (Merenstein and Gardner, 2011). In the Trust we apply N-PASS scale to assess pain, agitation and sedation (Hummel et al, 2004) Neurological manifestation as irritability, jitteriness, lethargy, seizure and cardiorespiratory manifestations like cyanosis, pallor, apnea, irregular respirations, tachypnea and cardiac arrest can be presented. Infant B on admission had an appropriate crying not irritable, appropriate behavior, relaxed facial expression, normal tone and with vital signs in normal range. N-PASS scale was applied every three hours when vital signs evaluated, on every procedure and every time that was appropriate. Hypoglycemia cannot be defined only based on single BGL, has to contextualize with infant and mother history (Cornblath and Ichord, 2000). A study developed by Eidelman and Samueloff (2002) associate directly physiopathology of an IDM with metabolic processes including fetal hyperglycemia and fetal hyperinsulinemia, this fetal hypermetabolic state promote somatic growth, obesity, and metabolic disturbance in short and long-term consequences. Diabetic control early in pregnancy is associated with normal neurodevelopment outcome, but according with Schwartz and Teramo, (2000), blood glucose control increases their importance during the pregnancy and especially during the labor and delivery. IDM according with WHO (1997) as high risk for hypoglycemia however, Hawdon (2015) and NICE (2015) says if prenatal and intrapartum are followed by a specialist and monitored this babies should be treated in a first approach as a low risk infant, and the baby can stay with the mother after birth to monitor BGL for 24h or 12h if stable (Adamkin, 2011). IDM is not an indication to be admitted in the neonatal unit. Managing a baby asymptomatic with confirmed hypoglycemia relies on continuing breastfeeding but now more frequently (Amended, 2015), feed 1-3ml/kg (up to 5ml/kg if needed) of expressed breastmilk (EBM) or substitute nutrition (formula, donor human milk) (NICE, 2013; Hegarty, 2016). Increasing frequency will provide more colostrum for the baby, will stimulate the breast to produce more milk, its a moment to practice skin-to-skin, provides a relaxing healthy moment for both encouraging bounding (Adamkin, 2016) Infant B. developed hypoglycemia in post-natal unit and formula milk was started, to receive proper neonatal care had to be separated from mom. This fact interfered with breastfeeding, production of breast milk and bonding between mother and newborn (Sparshott, M., 1997). Mother B didn ´t have any milk production and that was a trigger for a stressful situation. Assessment of knowledge of all situation was done; emotional support was given, educated and encouraged to continuing breastfeeding, explained importance of breastmilk. Colostrum is the first milk produced by a mother, as a high concentration of nutrient and sugar and ideal to help blood glucose level to reach acceptable values (Wight and Marinelli, 2014). Breastmilk is preferred to formula for association with increase of ketones production (Hawdon et al 1992) and lower blood glucose values in term babies fed with formula, related with insulinogenic effect of protein in formula (Lucas et al, 1981). In partnership with mother B. was planned to stop formula milk when possible and all the EBM expressed was given to infant B. Encourage skin-to-skin contact and unlimited access to breast. (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) It is extensively documented in the literature (Tessier, (1998); Almeida et al., 2010; Heidarzadeh et al., 2013; Blackman, 2013) that kangaroo care provides health benefits not only for the infant but also for parents. A study performed by Heidarzadeh et al. (2013) conclude 62.5% of the mothers that provide kangaroo care to their babies were discharged from the hospital exclusively breastfeeding their babies, comparing with 37.5% of the group that didnt provide kangaroo care. Almeida et al. (2010) in a similar study concludes 82% on discharge go home exclusive breastfeeding. Blackman in 2013 performed a study where one of the subjects evaluated was blood glucose level when provided kangaroo care and results were significantly higher comparing with infants that didnt rece ived. Tessier in 1998 cit by Poppy Steering Group (2009) conclude kangaroo care reduce maternal anxiety, and increase a mothers sense of competence and sensitivity towards her infant. After birth, one of the most important changes is related with metabolism energy and thermoregulation. Infant B. is a term baby however, is a newborn and the risk of disturbance of the thermoregulation is present (Arya at al 2013). A newborn after birth, loses heat immediately by evaporation, convection, conduction and radiation, dependent on the ambient air pressure, temperature and humidity and the temperature of surrounding surfaces (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007) The newborn has an ability to control and balance temperature, glucose and oxygen perfusion constitute the energy triangle (Aylott, 2005) Variations in this gradual transition can result in disturbances of the neonate regulation such as neonatal hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Infant B. had initially presented with an axilla temperature of 37.1 °C, normothermic according with World Health Organization (2006), whilst nursed in an open cot. To prevent variations in temperature infant B. was dressed with a vest and Babygro, a hat and wrapped with a shawl and a light blanket on top NHS (2015) and nursed away from draughts and windows to reduce heat loss by convection (Vilinsky and Sheridan, 2014). Furthermore, care was taken to reduce over exposure of the infant due to procedures, as minimize handling and promoting kangaroo care. World Health Organization (1997) describes kangaroo care as a method to keep babies warm and improve the experience during painful procedures as heel pricks (Johnson, 2007). In order to avoid overheat, as Trust policy, temperature was monitored every three hours by use of a tempadot placed under the axilla for 3minutes and room temperature was set at 24-26 °C. It is essential that neonates are nursed within their neutral thermal environment, defined as a temperature where a baby with normal body temperature has a minimal metabolic rate and minimal oxygen consumption (Waldron and Mackinnon, 2007). Hypothermia can lead harmful effects as hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, hypoxia, metabolic acidosis and failure to gain weight (McCall et al, 2010). During this two night shift, Infant B. was able to maintain his temperature. Detect pain in a neonate it ´s a challenge for multiple factors, a complete and efficient evaluation results in an adequate plan of interventions. As referred previously, N-PASS scale it is adopted by the Trust as a tool to assess pain in neonates. Infant B is exposed to frequent acute pain for heel pricks for evaluation of BGG and cannula in left foot. On admission pain score 0 but during the procedures pain score 1 with consolable crying, tachypneic, tachycardic and clenched Non-nutritional sucking with and without sucrose, swaddling or facilitated tucking and kangaroo care are non-pharmacological techniques adopted to minimize pain to infant B. (2016). Non-nutritional sucking demonstrates to be effective to calm and decrease, particularly mild and moderate pain experienced by the neonate and behaviour responses to pain (Liaw et al., 2010). Baby regulates and organizes himself and relief pain through sucking with no nutritional intake objective. Sucrose effect is mediated by endogenous opioid pathways activated by sweet taste (Gibbins and Stevens, 2001). Beyond non-nutritional sucking, others interventions can be applied, and most of them in partnership with family and parents. Individualised developmental care to include family, explained how to reposition the baby in a comfortable way, swaddling and nesting, and during the procedure containment holding. Encourage parents to touch the neonate and talk with him. If the procedure allowed, do kangaroo care. Minimize painful procedures and clustering, discuss with parents schedules and develop a plan with team. Manipulate the environment decreasing noise and light (Sparshott, 1997). An approach based in recognition and appreciation of parents roles, siblings and other family member allow the nurse to recognise critical steps on the care pathway (Staniszewska et al., 2012) Maximising opportunities for communication with parents/ family increasing confidence in role as a parent and supporting parents-infant relationship. Within the special care unit family-centred care is essential as is advocated by the unit in which the care was being received. During this episode infant B. was placed in a normal cot, because he is a term infant and able to maintain his temperature. This fact allowed his mother as well to be more closed, with no physical barriers. The poppy Steering group (2009) indicate through the needs of parents with an infant requiring neonatal support, the findings show that parents need to have the opportunity to get to know their babies, emotional support, involvement in care and decision making and to establish effective communication with health care staff. When mother B. was able to attend the unit she appeared worried and anxious about not being with infant B. in port-natal ward. It was clear that she saw the change to a different place as a barrier. Explained that she can stay all day and night with infant B. only in handover time, she need to leave for 30 mins, was discussed the bette r time for cares and handling the baby for procedures. Infant B. father was not in the unit during the night, went home to rest, nursing staff were the only support available to her. A study developed by the poppy steering group (2009), showed evidence that improved communication and involvement in their baby ´s care promotes positive parent-child interaction and attachment. It is important for them to have the opportunity to spend time with their baby and know them in partnership with the nurse that is responsible to provide emotional support and provide involvement in care being open to discuss decisions to be made and stablishing effective communication. Mother B. referred that the possibility to do skin-to-skin when it is appropriate for her and for her baby, helped her to cope with sensation of losing control of her baby. Create opportunities for the mom to feel participative in the care, especially during feeding time, like helping with nasogastric feeding encourage bounding and promote attachment in situations of separation between mother and infant. (Bliss, 2011) In second night shift Infant B. remains on IV fluids, intravenous infusion rate was increased to 90ml/kg/day, as per Trust policy. Infant B was able to maintain blood glucose levels between 3.1-4.2mmol/L. Following Trust guidelines supported by NICE (2015), glucose measurements are now twice a day after two consecutive measurements above 2.6mmol/L if infant B developed symptoms of hypoglycemia frequency will be increased. Stablishing breastfeeding but followed by top up ´s through nasogastric tube (2mls every 2 hours) (Wight and Marinelli, 2014) given all EBM available and formula milk to achieve amount of milk that infant B needs. Intravenous fluids as decreased as feeds increased, titrating, to meet infant B intake requirements. Infant B was tolerating well his feeds, abdominal not distended and soft, minimal milky aspirates the plan is normalizing baby, decreasing amout of fluid given by intravenous line and increase feeds hoping baby can return to post-natal unit in the next day. Screening high risk babies is other controversial intervention. A utilization of a tool to screen universally IDM after birth will allow more accurate assessments. NICE, 2013 preconize a standard approach, considering IDM healthy babies until any underling condition appears. However Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al (2015) thinks that assessment is important and. Tools like CRIBS and SNAPPE both based in specific criteria but different between should be used. BGL checked by test-strips provides a estimative value, vary 0.5-1mmol/l (Hay et al, 2009) laboratory enzymatic methods is the most accurate method, but results not quick enough for rapid diagnosis, delaying potential interventions and treatment. A Test-strips is important but must be confirmed by a laboratory testing, however the treatment shouldnt be delayed in order to wait for the values, preventing neurologic damage. (Polin, Yoder and Burg, 2001, Adamkin, 2011) All literature consensual in therapeutic through IV dextrose bolus, and IV dextrose continuing infusion, increasing to 12.5% dextrose if values not stable (NICE,2013; Stomnaroska-Damcevski et al ;2015) but when start therapeutic interventions remains not clear. Need more research about oral glucose gel, and more studies about hypoglycaemia to try to understand values of reference and what is dangerous for infant. NICE, 2013, recommends an individualized approach to management with treatment personalized to the specific disorder, taking in mind patient safety and family preferences. Ungraded best practice statement. The available studies are inconclusive and ambivalent about the subject of hypoglycaemia. Primary studies about blood glucose levels are old, and that fact can compromised the conclusion of the case study for up to date resources. Flexibility of sources becomes easy to get lost in the main questions. A case study it ´s about a particular subject and become individualized losing the relevance. However the context of the phenomenon subject of study is explored in its context with is significance and understanding (Gerrish, K. and Lacey, 2006). This subject is something that we expect to see improving and more reflexion about practice. Diversity of literature helps contextualize diferent prespective through the time. Explain to women with insulin-treated pre-existing diabetes that they are at increased risk of hypoglycaemia in the postnatal period, especially when breastfeeding, and advise them to have a meal or snack available before or during feeds. [2008] To test BGL, in the Trust, it is used Bedside glucose reagent test strips, according with Akalay et al (2001) this are inexpensive and practical but are not with significant variance from true blood glucose levels, especially at low glucose concentrations. Ho et al (2004) preformed a study with five different glucometers, concluding that alone they are not sensitive enough to do a diagnose, just for initial assessment, advising a laboratory analysis to be more accurate. Tools para haver tools tinham de diferentes para cada grupo de risco (Harris, 2012) References AACN., NANN., AWHONN., and Watson, R. (2014). Certification and Core Review for Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing. 1st ed. Elsevier Health Sciences. Adamkin, D.H. (2016) Neonatal hypoglycemia, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, . doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.08.007 Adamkin, D.H. and Polin, R.A. (2016) Imperfect advice: Neonatal hypoglycemia, The Journal of Pediatrics, 176, pp. 195-196. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.051 Al-Agha, R., Firth, R., Byrne, M., Murray, S., Daly, S., Foley, M., Smith, S. and Kinsley, B. (2011). Outcome of pregnancy in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DMP): results from combined diabetes-obstetrical clinics in Dublin in three university teaching hospitals (1995-2006). Irish Journal of Medical Science, 181(1), pp.105-109. American Academy of Pediatrics and College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists. Guidelines for Perinatal Care. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012. Armentrout, D. and Caple, J. (1999). Newborn hypoglycemia. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 13(1), pp.2-6. Arya, V., Senniappan, S., Guemes, M. and Hussain, K. (2013). Neonatal Hypoglycemia. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81(1), pp.58-65. Aylott, M. (2006a) The Neonatal energy triangle part 1; Metabolic adaptation. Paediatric Nursing. 18, 6, 38-42 Casey, A., 1988. A partnership with child and family. Senior Nurse 8(4), 8-9 Cho, H.Y., Jung, I. and Kim, S.J. (2016) The association between maternal hyperglycemia and perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus patients, Medicine, 95(36), p. e4712. doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000004712 Clinical Features of Neonates with Hyperinsulinism. (1999). New England Journal of Medicine, 341(9), pp.701-702. Corkin, D., Clarke, S. and Liggett, L. (2011). Care planning in children and young peoples nursing. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Cornblath M, Hawdon JM, Williams AF, Aynsley-Green A, Ward Platt MP, Schwartz R et al. (2000) Controversies regarding definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia: suggested operational thresholds. Pediatrics; 105: 1141-5. Cornblath, M. and Ichord, R. (2000). Hypoglycemia in the neonate. Seminars in Perinatology, 24(2), pp.136-149. Cornblath, M., Hawdon, J., Williams, A., Aynsley-Green, A., Ward-Platt, M., Schwartz, R. and Kalhan, S. (2000). Controversies Regarding Definition of Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Suggested Operational Thresholds. PEDIATRICS, 105(5), pp.1141-1145. de Boissieu, D., Rocchiccioli, F., Kalach, N. and Bougnà ¨res, P. (1995). Ketone Body Turnover at Term and in Premature Newborns in the First 2 Weeks after Birth. Neonatology, 67(2), pp.84-93. de Rooy, L. and Hawdon, J. (2002). Nutritional Factors That Affect the Postnatal Metabolic Adaptation of Full-Term Small- and Large-for-Gestational-Age Infants. PEDIATRICS, 109(3), pp.e42-e42. DePuy, A.M., Coassolo, K.M., Som, D.A. and Smulian, J.C. (2009) Neonatal hypoglycemia in term, nondiabetic pregnancies, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 200(5), pp. e45-e51. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.015. Deshpande, S. and Ward Platt, M. (2005) The investigation and management of neonatal hypoglycaemia, Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 10(4), pp. 351-361. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2005.04.002. Eidelman, A. and Samueloff, A. (2002). The pathophysiology of the fetus of the diabetic mother. Seminars in Perinatology, 26(3), pp.232-236. Feldman, A. and Brown, F. (2016). Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep, 16(8). Gerrish, K. and Lacey, A. (2006). The research process in nursing. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Gibbins, S. and Stevens, B. (2001). Mechanisms of Sucrose and Non-Nutritive Sucking in Procedural Pain Management in Infants. Pain Research and Management, 6(1), pp.21-28. Guthrie, R., Van Leeuwen, G., Glenn, L. and Jackson, R.L. (1968) The incidence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia in high-risk newborn infants, The Journal of Pediatrics, 72(4), pp. 582-583. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(68)80380-4 Hansmann, G. (2009). Neonatal emergencies. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Harris, D.L., Weston, P.J. and Harding, J.E. (2012) Incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia in babies identified as at risk, The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), pp. 787-791. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.05.022. Hay, W., Raju, T., Higgins, R., Kalhan, S. and Devaskar, S. (2009). Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs for Understanding and Treating Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Workshop Report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(5), pp.612-617. Hillman, N., Kallapur, S. and Jobe, A. (2012). Physiology of Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life. Clinics in Perinatology, 39(4), pp.769-783. Isles, T., Dickson, M. and Farquhar, J. (1968). Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers. Pediatric Research, 2(3), pp.198-208 Isles, T., Dickson, M. and Farquhar, J. (1968). Glucose Tolerance and Plasma Insulin in Newborn Infants of Normal and Diabetic Mothers. Pediatric Research, 2(3), pp.198-208. Jobe, A. (2015). Transitional neonatal hypoglycemia. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(6), pp.1329-1332. Johnson AN. The maternal experience of kangaroo holding. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2007;36(6):568-73. Lang, T. (2014). Neonatal hypoglycemia. Clinical Biochemistry, 47(9), pp.718-719. Liaw, J., Yang, L., Ti, Y., Blackburn, S., Chang, Y. and Sun, L. (2010). Non-nutritive sucking relieves pain for preterm infants during heel stick procedures in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19(19-20), pp.2741-2751. Lula O.,Lubchenco, M.D, and Harry Bard, M.D (1971) Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants classified by birth weight and gestational age. pediatrics, 47(5), 1971, pp.831-836. Lyon, A. (2004). Applied physiology: temperature control in the newborn infant. Current Paediatrics, 14(2), pp.137-144. Merenstein, G. and Gardner, S. (2011). Merenstein Gardners handbook of neonatal intensive care. 8st ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. Patient- and Family-Centered Care and the Pediatricians Role. (2012). PEDIATRICS, 129(2), pp.394-404. Polin, R., Yoder, M. and Burg, F. (2001). Workbook in practical neonatology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Polit, D. and Beck, C. (2012). Nursing research. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Postnatal Glucose Homeostasis in Late-Preterm and Term Infants. (2011). PEDIATRICS, 127(3), pp.575-579. Rennie, J. and Roberton, N. (2013). Rennie and Robertons textbook of neonatology. 5st ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Rozance, P. and Hay, W. (2012). Neonatal Hypoglycemia-Answers, but More Questions. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(5), pp.775-776. Schwartz, R. and Teramo, K. (2000). Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Seminars in Perinatology, 24(2), pp.120-135. Sparshott, M. (1997). Pain, distress, and the newborn baby. 1st ed. Abingdon, Oxon, OX: Blackwell Science. Staniszewska, S., Brett, J., Redshaw, M., Hamilton, K., Newburn, M., Jones, N. and Taylor, L. (2012). The POPPY Study: Developing a Model of Family-Centred Care for Neonatal Units. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9(4), pp.243-255. Stanley, C., Rozance, P., Thornton, P., De Leon, D., Harris, D., Haymond, M., Hussain, K., Levitsky, L., Murad, M., Simmons, R., Sperling, M., Weinstein, D., White, N. and Wolfsdorf, J. (2015). Re-Evaluating Transitional Neonatal Hypoglycemia: Mechanism and Implications for Management. The Journal of Pediatrics, 166(6), pp.1520-1525.e1. Stomnaroska-Damcevski, O., Petkovska, E., Jancevska, S. and Danilovski, D. (2015). Neonatal Hypoglycemia: A Continuing Debate in Definition and Management. PRILOZI, 36(3). Strozik, K., Pieper, C. and Roller, J. (1997). Capillary refilling time in newborn babies: normal values. Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 76(3), pp.F193-F196. Thornton, P., Stanley, C., De Leon, D., Harris, D., Haymond, M., Hussain, K., Levitsky, L., Murad, M., Rozance, P., Simmons, R., Sperling, M., Weinstein, D., White, N. and Wolfsdorf, J. (2015). Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for Evaluation and Management of Persistent Hypoglycemia in Neonates, Infants, and Children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 167(2), pp.238-245. Thureen, P. and Hay, W. (2006). Neonatal nutrition and metabolism. Cambridge, UK: New York. Wielandt, H, Schà ¸nemann-Rigel, H, Holst, C, Fenger-Grà ¸n, J 2015, High risk of neonatal complications in children of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus in their first pregnancy, Danish Medical Journal, 62, 6, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, viewed 9 October 2016.

Tanning and its Risks :: Skin Cancer Health Beauty Essays

Tanning and its Risks Liza Schenkel, a 2002 graduate of Ball State University, visited her dermatologist for a routine checkup, and asked her doctor to take a look at some spots on her body that looked abnormal. She said: "I had noticed a spot on my chest that didn't look right. This spot changed colors during the summer months, was raised from the skin, and had a peculiar shape." These were all warning signs of melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer. Schenkel’s doctor immediately removed the spot and sent the skin cells to a lab to be tested. The cells proved to be cancerous and Schenkel was diagnosed with melanoma at 22. She is representative of the growing problem of skin cancer among college-age persons. The increase in cancer among young adults is a result of a growing obsession with tanning. Unlike some of her friends, Schenkel does not believe that she was obsessed with lying out in the summer months and visiting the tanning bed. She did not visit the tanning bed until her junior year in high school and that was at the most, once a week, with exceptions for special occasions. At her lake home, she would generally tan on the weekend by boating and swimming. She never thought that these habits would lead to skin cancer at such an early age. "Compared to my friends who went to the tanning bed every other day, I thought I was responsible. I had my moments of irresponsibility but I never thought it would happen to me." Schenkel represents the growing trend of younger people tanning for the sake of vanity despite possible health risks. The Los Angeles Times reported a study in May 2002 that said from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, melanoma rates rose 60.5 percent among women age 25-29 and 26.7 percent in the same category for men. The age group of those developing cancer is emerging from high school and college, where tanning has become a fashionable trend. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that skin cancers are the most common forms of cancer in the United States. Skin cancers are also the most preventable and curable cancer.

Technology and Beckett’s Play, Krapp’s Last Tape Essay -- Krapp’s Last

Technology and Beckett’s Play, Krapp’s Last Tape â€Å"bois seul bouffe brà »le crà ªve seul comme devant les absents sont morts les prà ©sents puent sors tes yeux dà ©tourne-les sur les roseaux se taquinent-ils ou les aà ¯s pas la peine il y a le vent et l’à ©tat de veille†[1][1] -Samuel Beckett, Untitled As an avant-garde writer and a trend starter, Beckett was intensely in touch with his own time and its most significant realities, one of which being technological progress. In his play Krapp’s Last Tape, first performed in 1958, we meet yet another one of his spiritually crippled and disillusioned characters: Krapp, an old recluse. Krapp is alone on the stage, seconded only by a tape player/recorder. As an embodiment of his memory, the machine completes Krapp and provides him with a link to his past, a grounding force which serves to give him a stronger presence. Ultimately, however, Krapp is no better off than analogous characters in Beckett’s work. Whatever crumbs of hope the machine may bring, the core of the human problem is still the human condition, and that itself may not be changed by any form of insight into the past, however clear. â€Å"A late evening in the future.† starts Beckett’s script of Krapp’s Last Tape. One needs not to imagine what this future is like; if this indication is significant at all, its meaning does not exist has a stage direction to be interpreted creatively by the theatrical director. Rather, this indication concerns the whole mood and pace of the play; this is to be the future; that time or state after all that we may have planned or expected has passed. The world which Krapp inhabits is far away from our own; his â€Å"den† might as well be on another p... ...t or indirect manner. In fact, one would be in the right to propound the contrary; that the machine, in Beckett’s opinion, is a distraction from the meaningful aspects of existence, a superficial solution to the real problems of life. Works Cited and Consulted Astro, Alan. Understanding Samuel Beckett. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1992. Beckett, Samuel. Collected Poems in English and French. New-York: Grover Press, 1977. Beckett, Samuel. Endgame. New-York: Grove Press, 1970. Beckett, Samuel. Krapp’s Last Tape and Embers. London, Faber and Faber,1968. Beckett, Samuel. Beckett: The Complete Short Prose,1929-1989 ed. S.E. Gontarski. New-York: Grove Press, 1995. Durozoi, Gà ©rard. Prà ©sence littà ©raire : Beckett. Paris: Bordas, 1972. Notes 1 Collected Poems in English and French, 45. 2 The Complete Short Prose, xi 3 Durozoi, 101

Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Mark Twain’s book Huckleberry Finn is an enjoyable book to read. Mark Twain is an excellent writer, and makes the book humorous, and attention catching, at the same time, it is teaching about important issues or slavery and educating on unhappy family situations. Huckleberry Finn is a classic. One of the first ways in which it is a classic is how it addresses issues of society. It shows the differences between classes, between the blacks and the whites. It shows Jim’s struggle for freedom, and the little white boy who doesn’t know anything better than to help him. While all of the white culture is looking down on blacks, one white person, not knowing the seriousness of what he is doing, is willing to help Jim gain his freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another way that this book is obviously a classic is how the people in it and their troubles are open to the readers. Huck himself seems to have his share of problems. In the beginning of this book, he is living with two older ladies, he doesn’t enjoy that, and the reader becomes well aware of that. One of the other problems that he has is with his father. His father is just using him for the money that he has and beats him regularly, and then kidnaps him, just for spite, not because he loves him, and one of the other problems that he has is trying to free Jim and to do what he feels is right. Jim has his own share of problems, and they are also open to the reader, because that is what the book is mostly about, freeing Jim and all the situations that take place during that. In this book, most of the characters’ problems are open to the reader, because without them, the book would have very little twists and turns of plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A way that this book shows that it is a classic is that the work is original. This is very true. Mark Twain has his own writing style. It is unlike any other. Twain is a good storyteller, and appears to enjoy that. His storytelling style is different from others in that he attacks difficult issues through his stories. He writes about slavery and freedom from a neutral vantage point. Most of the other writers of his day and age wouldn’t dare to discuss touchy topics like that, yet Twain chose to do that, and he did it well.

Indegenous People Native Tile

Native title is a concept in the Australian law. It is a type of continuous ownership of land by local indigenous Australian. However native title can be combined with non-indigenous proprietary rights. Common law and aboriginal law develop this concept In case of any discrepancy between Australian law and customary aboriginal law, the non-indigenous rights will generally prevail. Native title is a land title and it was recognized in Australia during 1992 by the High Court in the Mabo decision. The native title linked with groups of people whom traditional connections between the lands, waters among the aboriginal people.The native title rights recognized under Australian law. The native titleholders protected to get compensation if governments acquire their land or waters for future developments. The native title is different from land rights. Native title is available to Aboriginal groups with traditional ties to land. Hence people who have always lived in the same area can claim n ative title. The native title is recognized by Commonwealth legislation. On 1st September 1995, the Bardi and jawi people of Dumpier Peninsula and islands of Buccaneer Archipelago filed an application for a native title determination.After registration and public notification more than 155 persons were joined as parties to the application. At last the claim was made on behalf of the Bardi and Jawi people. The applicants i. e. Bardi-Jawi people sought a native title determination in regard to land, waters, water courses, reefs, seas and seabed in the Northern Dampier and Kind Sound Regions of Western Kimberley-Lombadina and One Arm Point, Western Australia. The claim of native title rights and interest which includes rights to the possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the areas.Besides it protection of cultural knowledge also claimed. The main opponent Western Australian Fishing Industry Council and Telstra were opposed the application. Federal Court Judge Robert French had gi ven a judgment in favor of a native tile application by the Bardi and Jawi people. Their claim is at about 1,037-sq. km area of land at the northern end of Dampier Peninsula. This land surrounded by areas of sea to a three nautical mile boundary comprising Aboriginal reserves and unallocated crown land with many of the 900-strong community living on or near the area.The judge also ruled that the Bardi and Jawi people had exclusive rights to the whole of the mainland they had claimed, as well as right to hunt turtle and dugong in waters in the area and to take pearl shell for cultural purposes, which includes the following rights based on the Sec. 225 Native Title Act indicates the rights and interests. The rights include use and enjoyment rights and these are not limited to the following rights § 1. The right to live on the land 2. The rights to access move about on and use the land and waters 3. The right to hunt and gather on the land and waters4. The right to engage in spiritua l and cultural activities on the land and waters 5. The right to access, use and take any of the resources of the land (including ochre) for food, shelter, medicine, fishing and trapping fish, weapons for hunting, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial, artistic and communal purposes 6. Right to refuse, regulate and control the use and enjoyment by others of the land its resources, 7. The right to have access to and use the water of land for personal, domestic, social, cultural, religious, spiritual, ceremonial and communal purposes.In relation to the offshore waters, the rights were limited to non-exclusive rights of access and use of the areas resources. These rights are exercisable in accordance with the traditional laws and customs of the native titleholders and the laws of the State and Commonwealth. However these are subject to the certain other rights and interest such as 1. Use and Benefit of Aborigines 2. Fishing and aquaculture licenses 3. The interest of Telstra Corpo ration Limited 4. Public right to fish and navigate in tidal waters 5.International right of innocent passage The exclusive native title rights cannot be granted in relation to any flowing or underground waters and the taking of resources cannot be done for commercial purposes. Not only the bardi – jawi people or any other persons can be used. LEGAL The Native Title Act, 1993 §, which was in force from 1st January 1994. In order to provide native title rights, the Act was established. The Australia’s legal and parliamentary systems required providing such native rights to the persons in order to enable economic activity.It was forced by the decision of High court in the case of Mabo Vs. State Queens µ land. The determination of native title in a particular area, land or water depends upon the group of persons and their interests. The offshore place means the water within the limits of the State only. BLUE REEF With regard to the Brue Reef, the evidence established its importance in the mythology or cosmology of the applicants, it did not establish that the law devolved rights in relations to land or waters as a result.This leaves the claimant group unable to protect an important spiritual site. Here the judge has placed undue weight on activity-based use-rights of members of the group and thereby discounting the importance of indigenous forms connection to land. Instead more importance to be given the indigenous rights. In the case of Sampi Vs State of Western Australia. The part of Brue Reef, which lies within 12 nautical mile limit. There was no basis disclosed on the evidence of native title rights in Brue Reef and hence the Bardi/Jawi claim was dismissed.The rights and interest claimed that includes access and use and enjoyment of the reef, and it cannot be as an exclusive right. The Blue Reef also comes under non-exclusive right.  § NON-EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS Non-exclusive rights also proposed to be recognized over the inter tidal zones and associated reefs and areas of water. With regard to the Blue Reef area though it may be evidently noticed the use as traditional and occasional visit and it may be religious significance, the exclusive right to use the persons only cannot be issued. However they can go as usual beside all other like people will go.Mere visiting to the places does not confer any privilege to get the exclusive right only particular people should go which attraction of non-violence of international treaties. It was linked with the claim, which was made by the Bardi-Jawi people previously. The rejection of claim will not be amounted to the exploitation of the Bardi-Jawi people. Hence the claim of Bardi-Jawi people with regard to the Blue Reef cannot be entertained which was linked with more than 12 nautical miles of the water. The non-exclusive possession native title rights exist to the Bardi Jawi people.With this they have the right to access, hunt dugong and turtle, and take resources for food, relig ious, spiritual, cultural, ceremonial and communal purposes. It includes used pearl shell for ceremonial purposes in accordance with the traditional laws and customs. EXCUSIVE RIGHTS The rights over land include the right to live on the land, right to access, move about and use the land, the right to hunt and gather, the right to engage in spiritual and cultural activities, the right to use resources including food and ochre and the right to refuse, regulate and control the use of the land by the others.The rights over areas of water include the right to use and enjoy the reefs and associated water, the right to hunt and gather, including for dugong and turtle and the right to use the resources for food, trapping fish, religious, cultural and ceremonial purposes. Their basic claim was registered in the case lies only with three nautical mile limit back to the commencement point. The claim of Bardi Jawi people first lodged in 1995. Before the claim went to trial and later amended the area from 12 nautical miles offshore to three nautical miles.Hence the claim again cannot be entertained, which was already decided with the three nautical miles of the water. ADVISE TO THE COUNSEL Based on the above, it is identified the following suggestions for which counsel may not entertain the Bardi-Jawi arguments. 1. The claim of Bardi-Jawi people for extension of 12 nautical lines cannot be entertained since they have claimed earlier for three nautical miles only. Once the decision was made cannot be reopened in the same issue. If it is accepted again they will raise for another. 2.With regard to the Blue Reef, which extends beyond sixteen nautical miles from the coast cannot be entertained. Traditional custom is not exclusive right for which every other person can also go. Though it is evidenced by several years that Bardi-Jawi people are using and going for religious significance, exclusive right rights cannot be permitted. 3. The native title right cannot be recognized o n the sea beyond 12 nautical miles, which attract the violation international treaties. The distinction between the existence of native title under traditional law and custom and its recognition by the common law was made in Fejo Vs.Northern Territory, 1998.  µ 4. Those rights and interests will be continued in spite of non- recognition by the common law may be taken into account in the definition of the connection with land and waters, which indigenous people may have by virtue of their traditional laws and customs. 5. The Bardi-Jawi also granted previously non-exclusive rights, which they have been protected sufficient and they can go for the Blue Reef as usual, but it is not exclusive right. 6. The State government power is on nautical miles only up to 3.Hence Bardi-Jawi claim beyond 12 nautical miles cannot be entertained under any stage. Australian Fishing Industry Council and Commonwealth Government will exercise the rights. The commonwealth government has concurrent jurisdi ction with the State in the claim jurisdiction with the three nautical mile limit to the 12 nautical mile limit. The commonwealth has sole jurisdiction beyond the 12 nautical mile limit around Brue Reef. The claimants made a petition for claiming a native title of the land, which is surrounded by an area of sea to a three nautical mile boundary only.Hence more than the claim not permitted for extension beyond three nautical miles still they go for appeals again and again.  § 7. The State government can grant up to three nautical miles since it recognized the role of owners i. e. Bardi-Jawi who have right to exclusive possession of the land, fishing rights up to three nautical mile limit and the right to hunt turtle and dugong and the right to take resources from Brue Reef. CONCLUSION While taking the decision in connection with bardi-jawi, the following must be noticed by the decision makers.In the Australia, the native tile to land has been established by taking the sources of tr aditional laws and customs of indigenous peoples. The principles of international law linked with the decisions taken in connection with native tile to land. The native law has been developed and justified in the Australia based on different colonial histories and styles of the community were acknowledged. * REFERENCES Appendices, http://www. nntt. gov. au/publications/AR_20052006/appendices. asp? PrintContent=True Australian Constitution Act, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/ Claimants celebrate native title decision, 2005, http://www. theage. com. au/news/national/claimants-celebrate-native-title-decision/2005/06/10/1118347602071. html Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/s4. html Focus: Native Title – September 2005, http://www. aar. com. au/pubs/nat/fontsep05. htm Frequently Asked questions, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/about_FAQs. aspx International Law, http://www. ohchr. org/ english/law/index. htm Native Title Act, 1993, http://www. austlii. edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/ Office of Native Title, State Government agency, Western Australia, http://www. nativetitle. wa. gov. au/ Racial Discrimination Act, 1975, http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/rda1975202/ Sampi v State of Western Australia (No 3) [2005] FCA 1716, http://www. atns. net. au/agreement. asp? EntityID=3203 http://www. ministers. wa. gov. au/ripper/docs/speeches/bardiprogress. pdf http://www. aph. gov. au/Senate/committee/ntlf_ctte/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nat_nattitle_trib/report/report. pdf http://ntru. aiatsis. gov. au/ntpapers/ip04v3. pdf

Empire of the Sun

Love and Compassion The final scene of Empire of the Sun demonstrates the gathering between the separated children and their parents. Everyone seems very happy to finally reunite with their loved ones and realize how much they have missed them. Jamie, the boy in the movie, seems to have forgotten what his mother looks like because they have been separated for so long. This final scene demonstrates the importance of our loved ones, and how we should always cherish them because you may be separated from them without notice. Jamie illustrates that even though he was separated from his mother for so long, their love for each other remains.This scene demonstrates the compassion and care we have for our families, and how meeting someone after so long creates a special feeling. It reminds us how strong love can still remain after a long period of time, even so long that you forget how they look. This scene also demonstrates the special feeling when we reunite with your loved ones. At the be ginning of the final scene, there were children playing inside a building when a nurse comes along and says â€Å"gather in children, come along† to organize the children. The parents then walk into the building and line up across from them, looking around for their loved ones.One mother cannot contain her love and rushes out from the line calling out, â€Å"Julie. † This demonstrates the mother couldn’t wait any longer to see her daughter and this shows she has great care, compassion and love for her. They reunite, and begin hugging illustrating their affection, and how they feel. The mother of Jamie walks toward her son and he stares at her. Jamie seems as though he doesn’t remember her appearance, and begins to feel her lip, takes of her hat to feel her hair, and feels her clothing. He then remembers his mother and hugs her. This shows that even after this long period of time, the love for each other remains.While they are caressing, Jamie closes his e yes suggesting he feels safe and comfortable in his mother’s arms, perhaps after a scary situation. In conclusion, in the final scene of the Empire of the Sun, there is recognition of the compassion between the loved ones in the film. This scene reminds me of love and compassion as watched this because it reminds me of the important people in my life, and the special feeling the children received once reuniting with their loved ones. Overall, this scene symbolizes love, compassion, care, and the importance of family, due to my response to this scene.